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Geological mapping, when properly done, demands skill and judgment.

Nothing is more naive than to believe that a field geologist should gather only 'facts', the interpretation of which is to be made at a later date.

While the field work progresses he should conceive as many interpretations as are consistent with the known facts.

As the field work progresses and the larger geological picture begins to unfold, experience and judgment are essential if the geologist is to evaluate properly the vast number of facts gathered from thousands of outcrops.

Such mapping requires keen observation and a knowledge of what data are significant.

Above all, the field geologist must use the method of "working multiple hypotheses" to deduce the geological structure.

Under the colonial regime, basic infrastructure such as railways, ports, water transport, posts and telegraphs did develop.

Naturally, therefore, these areas remained inaccessible to the people.

There always remained an acute shortage of all-weather roads to reach out to the rural areas during the rainy season.

Roads constructed in India prior to the advent of British rule were not fit for modern transport.

However, the real motive behind this development was not necessarily to provide basic amenities to the people but to subserve various colonial interests.

The roads that were built primarily served the purposes of mobilizing the army within India and drawing out raw materials from the countryside to the nearest railway station.

Contemporary history is necessary, but it is at best a tentative record.

Some portentous events can be seen to be so from the moment of their occurrence, like the discovery of the New World; others of comparable momentousness are hidden in obscurity.

The relevance of the issue of proportion is significant.

It possesses, indeed, a massive supply of public record, but it necessarily lacks the inner knowledge of politicians' minds, of planners' proposals, of scientists' discoveries, of technicians' break-throughs.

It also lacks perspective since it is bereft of a sense of proportion.

It is impossible, over just a few years of observation, to estimate accurately the significance of various events.

Income inequality in less-developed countries is worse than most estimates.

The tax regime in these countries needs to be progressive and futuristic.

There is a staggering level of difference between the income metrics and the actual income of the prosperous in such countries.

The effective tax rates are not really progressive with regard to income.

They need to be reengineered to bring into the tax net the enormous sums of 'missing' income.

They are even less so with regard to wealth.

The history of English literature is usually divided into different periods.

This is the real danger of periodization, which tends to give the impression of distinct categories where there are none.

However there are important discontinuities to be kept in mind.

Each period has unique features that produce certain family resemblances between the writers of a particular period.

Scholars often specialize in periods such as Medieval, Renaissance, Romantic, Victorian, and Modern literature.

Failure to detect these discontinuities often produce a false sense of uniformity and consensus within a period.