Chapter 9: Environment and Sustainable Development

Economics • Class 11 • Class 11 Indian Economic Development

9

Environment and Sustainable Development

Economics • Class 11Class 11 Indian Economic Development

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Related PYQs (97)

2016PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.6
The term 'Intended Nationally Determined Contributions' is sometimes seen in the news in the context of
Environment
2016PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.52

With reference to an initiative called 'The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1
It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF and World Economic Forum.
2
It is a global initiative that focuses on drawing attention to the economic benefits of biodiversity.
3
It presents an approach that can help decision-makers recognize, demonstrate and capture the value of ecosystems and biodiversity.
Environment and Ecology
2016PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.54
Which of the following statements is/are correct? Proper design and effective implementation of UN-REDD+ Programme can significantly contribute to 1. protection of biodiversity 2. resilience of forest ecosystems 3. poverty reduction Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Environment and Ecology
2016PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.55
What is 'Greenhouse Gas Protocol'?
Environment and Ecology
2016PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.57

With reference to 'Agenda 21', sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements:

1
It is a global action plan for sustainable development.
2
It originated in the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002.
Environment and Sustainable Development (Prelims)
2016PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.81

Consider the following statements:

1
The International Solar Alliance was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015.
2
The Alliance includes all the member countries of the United Nations.
Current Affairs
2016PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.97

With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1
The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017.
2
The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2 °C or even 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.
3
Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.
Environment
2016PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.98

Consider the following statements:

1
The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the 'Club of Rome'.
2
The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030.
Sustainable Development
2017PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.14

In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of bioremediation technique?

1
It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature.
2
Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms.
3
Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation.
Environment
2017PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.45

With reference to agriculture in India, how can the technique of 'genome sequencing', often seen in the news, be used in the immediate future?

1
Genome sequencing can be used to identify genetic markers for disease resistance and drought tolerance in various crop plants.
2
This technique helps in reducing the time required to develop new varieties of crop plants.
3
It can be used to decipher the host-pathogen relationships in crops.
Science and Technology
2018PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.4

How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) ?

1
The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government.
2
The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in the country.
Environment
2018PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.35

With reference to the 'Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA)', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1
GACSA is an outcome of the Climate Summit held in Paris in 2015.
2
Membership of GACSA does not create any binding obligations.
3
India was instrumental in the creation of GACSA.
Environment
2018PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.83
The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE), a UN mechanism to assist countries transition towards greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at
Economic and Social Development-Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.
2018PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.100

With reference to organic farming in India, consider the following statements :

1
'The National Programme for Organic Production' (NPOP) is operated under the guidelines and directions of the Union Ministry of Rural Development.
2
'The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority' (APEDA) functions as the Secretariat for the implementation of NPOP.
3
Sikkim has become India's first fully organic State.
Agriculture and Sustainable Development
2018PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.31

With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made :

1
Diversification of livelihoods acts as a coping strategy for climate change.
2
Adoption of monocropping practice leads to the extinction of plant varieties and their wild relatives.
CSAT
2018PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.32
Which of the following is the most crucial and logical inference that can be made from the above passage?
CSAT
2018PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.33
The author of the passage holds the view that
CSAT
2019PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.26
In the context of which one of the following are the terms 'pyrolysis and plasma gasification' mentioned?
Environment
2019PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.41

Consider the following statements :

1
Agricultural soils release nitrogen oxides into environment.
2
Cattle release ammonia into environment.
3
Poultry industry releases reactive nitrogen compounds into environment.
Environment
2019PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.43

In the context of proposals to the use of hydrogen-enriched CNG (H-CNG) as fuel for buses in public transport, consider the following statements :

1
The main advantage of the use of H-CNG is the elimination of carbon monoxide emissions.
2
H-CNG as fuel reduces carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emissions.
3
Hydrogen up to one-fifth by volume can be blended with CNG as fuel for buses.
4
H-CNG makes the fuel less expensive than CNG.
Environment
2019PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.58
Consider the following statements : The Environment Protection Act, 1986 empowers the Government of India to 1. state the requirement of public participation in the process of environmental protection, and the procedure and manner in which it is sought 2. lay down the standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Environment
2019PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.78
In India, 'extended producer responsibility' was introduced as an important feature in which of the following?
GS-III - Environmental pollution and degradation
2019PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.41
Which one of the following is the most logical, rational and crucial message conveyed by the above passage ?
CSAT
2019PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.42

On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made :

1
The issue of effects of natural calamities on agriculture is not given due consideration by GM technology companies.
2
In the long run, GM technology will not be able to solve agricultural problems arising due to global warming.
CSAT
2019PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.43
Which one of the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage ?
CSAT
2019PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.44

On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made :

1
Food safety is a complex issue that calls for a multipronged solution.
2
Great investments need to be made in developing the manpower for surveillance and training.
3
India needs to make sufficient legislation for governing food processing industry.
CSAT
2019PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.45
The passage seems to argue
CSAT
2019PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.66

On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made :

1
Global warming is a frequently occurring natural phenomenon.
2
The impending global warming will not adversely affect small mammals.
3
Humans are responsible for the loss of the Earth's natural resilience.
CSAT
2020PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.81
If a particular plant species is placed under Schedule VI of The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, what is the implication?
Environment
2020PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.84

According to India's National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as raw materials for the production of biofuels?

1
Cassava;
2
Damaged wheat grains;
3
Groundnut seeds;
4
Horse gram;
5
Rotten potatoes;
6
Sugar beet.
Environment
2020PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.85
Which one of the following statements best describes the term 'Social Cost of Carbon'? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the
Environment
2020PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.90

In the context of India, which of the following is/are considered to be practice(s) of eco-friendly agriculture?

1
Crop diversification;
2
Legume intensification;
3
Tensiometer use;
4
Vertical farming.
Environment and Sustainable Development
2020PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.63

With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1
Governments often provide inefficient and costly subsidies for technologies that may not be ready in the near future.
2
India's commitment of reducing emissions by 33% by 2030 shall be on the basis of gas-based economy.
CSAT
2021PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.59

In the context of India's preparation for Climate-Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements :

1
The 'Climate-Smart Village' approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme.
2
The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France.
3
The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR's research centres.
Economics
2022PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.42

Consider the following statements :

1
"The Climate Group" is an international non-profit organization that drives climate action by building large networks and runs them.
2
The International Energy Agency in partnership with the Climate Group launched a global initiative "EP100".
3
EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals.
4
Some Indian companies are members of EP100.
5
The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the "Under2 Coalition".
Environmental Initiatives and Agreements
2022PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.80
Which one of the following best describes the term "greenwashing" ?
Environment - Greenwashing
2022PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.1

Unsustainability in production pattern is due to which of the following?

1
Heavy dependence on fossil fuels
2
Limited availability of resources
3
Expansion of recycling
CSAT
2022PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.2
Consider the following statements : Developed countries can support developing countries' transition to sustainable human development by 1. making clean energy sources available at low cost 2. providing loans for improving their public transport at nominal interest rates 3. encouraging them to change their production and consumption patterns Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
CSAT
2023PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.23

Consider the following statements :

Statement-I
Carbon markets are likely to be one of the most widespread tools in the fight against climate change.
Statement-II
Carbon markets transfer resources from the private sector to the State.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Environment and Ecology
2023PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.38
Consider the following statements : Once the Central Government notifies an area as a 'Community Reserve' 1. the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State becomes the governing authority of such forest 2. hunting is not allowed in such area 3. people of such area are allowed to collect non-timber forest produce 4. people of such area are allowed traditional agricultural practices How many of the above statements are correct?
Environment
2023PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.59

Consider the following statements regarding mercury pollution :

1
Gold mining activity is a source of mercury pollution in the world.
2
Coal-based thermal power plants cause mercury pollution.
3
There is no known safe level of exposure to mercury.
Environmental Ecology
2023PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.68

Consider the following activities :

1
Spreading finely ground basalt rock on farmlands extensively
2
Increasing the alkalinity of oceans by adding lime
3
Capturing carbon dioxide released by various industries and pumping it into abandoned subterranean mines in the form of carbonated waters
Environment
2024PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.92

Consider the following statements:

Statement-I
India does not import apples from the United States of America.
Statement-II
In India, the law prohibits the import of Genetically Modified food without the approval of the competent authority.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Biotechnology
2025PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.4
Consider the following statements : I. The Reserve Bank of India mandates all the listed companies in India to submit a Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR). II. In India, a company submitting a BRSR makes disclosures in the report that are largely non-financial in nature. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment
2025PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.9

Consider the following statements :

Statement I
Circular economy reduces the emissions of greenhouse gases.
Statement II
Circular economy reduces the use of raw materials as inputs.
Statement III
Circular economy reduces wastage in the production process.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Environment
2025PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.35
Which one of the following launched the 'Nature Solutions Finance Hub for Asia and the Pacific'?
Environmental ecology
2025PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.36
With reference to 'Direct Air Capture', an emerging technology, which of the following statements is/ are correct? I. It can be used as a way of carbon sequestration. II. It can be a valuable approach for plastic production and in food processing. III. In aviation, it can be a source of carbon for combining with hydrogen to create synthetic low-carbon fuel. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Environmental ecology
2026PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.21

Consider the following statements with reference to India's response to climate change: I. India's Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) is a crucial tool for achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. II. India's 4th Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) submitted in December, 2024 recorded around 8% decrease in Greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 over 2019. III. Climate-resilient development necessarily depends on quick and short-term achievement of emission reduction targets. Which of the following relationships among the above statements is/are correct?

1
Statement I is empirically supported by statement II.
2
Statement III contradicts the approach implicit in statement I.
3
Statement I and statement III together establish the premise of long-term sustainability.
Climate Change Policy
2026PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.27

Which of the following statements with regard to the arrival of Amur Falcons at Doyang Lake in Nagaland each year from Mongolia is/are correct?

1
It showcases how sustained local conservation efforts can contribute to the arrival and protection of international migratory birds.
2
It reflects the global success of advanced tracking technologies that guide migratory birds back to their stopover sites.
3
It confirms that Amur Falcons have adapted to permanent residency in India due to favourable habitat changes.
Environment, Ecology and Biodiversity
2026PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.45

Which of the following statements with regard to Green Hydrogen is/are correct?

1
It is decarbonized hydrogen obtained from natural gas reforming combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS).
2
It is produced using electrolysis of water with electricity generated by renewable energy.
3
National Green Hydrogen Mission of India aims for abatement of nearly 50 MMT of annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
Science and Technology
2026PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.77

Which of the following statements in relation to NIRANTAR (National Institute for Research and Application of Natural Resources to Transform, Adapt and Build Resilience), a platform of institutions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, is/are correct?

1
Ecosystem Survey and Analysis is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.
2
Research and Management of Ecosystem Service is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Central Zoo Authority, New Delhi.
3
Capacity Development Support is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal.
Environment and Ecology
2026PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.92
A bond whose proceeds are used only to finance or refinance a combination of both environmental and social projects is called:
Environment and Ecology
2017MainsGS-IIQ.6
To ensure effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation and hygiene needs the identification of the beneficiary segments is to be synchronized with the anticipated outcomes. Examine the statement in the context of the WASH scheme.
Governance
2017MainsGS-IIIQ.17
Climate change is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change?
GS-III
2018MainsGS-IIQ.6
Policy contradictions among various competing sectors and stakeholders have resulted in inadequate 'protection and prevention of degradation' to environment. Comment with relevant illustrations.
Environment
2018MainsGS-IIIQ.15
Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma?
GS-III
2019MainsGS-IIIQ.15
How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies?
GS-III
2020MainsGS-IIIQ.1
Explain intra-generational and inter-generational issues of equity from the perspective of inclusive growth and sustainable development.
Inclusive Growth
2020MainsGS-IIIQ.17
What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the Government of India?
GS-III - Environmental Pollution (National Clean Air Programme)
2021MainsGS-IIIQ.7
Describe the key points of the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in 2005? What changes in India's National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve these revised standards?
GS-III
2021MainsGS-IIIQ.15
What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of the society?
Biotechnology
2022MainsGS-IQ.20
Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India.
GS-I
2022MainsGS-IIQ.1
The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court. Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws.
GS-II
2022MainsGS-IIQ.20
Clean energy is the order of the day. Describe briefly India's changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics.
International Relations / Climate Policy
2022MainsGS-IIIQ.7
Discuss in detail the photochemical smog emphasizing its formation, effects and mitigation. Explain the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol.
Air Pollution
2022MainsGS-IIIQ.12
Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective? Explain.
GS-III
2024MainsGS-IIIQ.7
Industrial pollution of river water is a significant environmental issue in India. Discuss the various mitigation measures to deal with this problem and also the government's initiatives in this regard.
GS-III
2025MainsGS-IQ.19
1
The ship put in at the first available port to repair its damaged hull.
2
The advertisement was put out for wide circulation.
3
The matter had become so urgent that it could not be put off for another day.
GS-III
2025MainsGS-IVQ.2
(a) Carl von Clausewitz once said, "War is a diplomacy by other means." Critically analyse the above statement in the present context of contemporary geo-political conflict. (b) Keeping the national security in mind, examine the ethical dilemmas related to controversies over environmental clearance of development projects in ecologically sensitive border areas in the country.
Ethics
2026MainsGS-IQ.15
Analyze the role of satellite-based technologies in achieving climate-smart agriculture and food security in India.
Science and Technology
2026MainsGS-IIIQ.16
What is agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI)? Explain its working. Describe its applications with suitable examples. Discuss the advantages, risks and challenges associated with agentic AI systems.
GS-III
2020EssayEssayQ.4
Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication
Essay
2022EssayEssayQ.1
Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence
Environment
2024EssayEssayQ.8
The cost of being wrong is less than the cost of doing nothing.
Essay
2019SociologySociology Paper-IQ.6
(a) Examine the importance of Development Planning in Indian Mixed Economy, and analyze its problems and prospects. (b) Highlight the main features of the 'Inter-linking of Rivers' project in India. What could be its probable advantages to Indian agriculture? (c) Has reduction of green cover affected ecological degradation leading to global warming? Elaborate your answer with illustration.
Sociology Optional
2014PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.5

With reference to Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), consider the following statements:

1
It is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
2
It strives to conserve nature through action-based research, education and public awareness.
3
It organizes and conducts nature trails and camps for the general public.
Environment and Ecology
2014PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.6
With reference to 'Global Environment Facility', which of the following statements is/are correct?
Environment and Ecology
2014PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.16

Brominated flame retardants are used in many household products like mattresses and upholstery. Why is there some concern about their use?

1
They are highly resistant to degradation in the environment.
2
They are able to accumulate in humans and animals.
Environmental Ecology
2014PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.19

Which of the following adds/add carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on the planet Earth?

1
Volcanic action
2
Respiration
3
Photosynthesis
4
Decay of organic matter
Environmental Ecology
2014PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.95

With reference to 'Eco-Sensitive Zones', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1
Eco-Sensitive Zones are the areas that are declared under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
2
The purpose of the declaration of Eco-Sensitive Zones is to prohibit all kinds of human activities in those zones except agriculture.
Environment
2014PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.96

Consider the following statements:

1
Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
2
National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body.
3
National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister.
Environment
2014PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.26
According to the passage, the adverse impact of climate change on an ecosystem can be a 1. permanent disappearance of some of its flora and fauna. 2. permanent disappearance of ecosystem itself. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
CSAT
2014PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.27
Which one of the following statements best implies the need to shift toward contemporary conservation approach?
CSAT
2014PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.28
What is the most important message conveyed by the passage?
CSAT
2014PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.29

With reference to the passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1
To maintain natural ecosystems, exploitation of natural resources should be completely avoided.
2
Not only anthropogenic but also natural reasons can adversely affect ecosystems.
3
Loss of endemic diversity leads to the extinction of ecosystems.
CSAT
2015PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.12

With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct?

1
IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments.
2
IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments.
3
CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws.
International Institutions and Environment
2015PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.43
What is Rio+20 Conference, often mentioned in the news?
Environment
2015PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.56
'BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes' is managed by the
Environment
2015PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.74

With reference to 'Forest Carbon Partnership Facility', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1
It is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society and indigenous peoples.
2
It provides financial aid to universities, individual scientists and institutions involved in scientific forestry research to develop eco-friendly and climate adaptation technologies for sustainable forest management.
3
It assists the countries in their 'REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation+)' efforts by providing them with financial and technical assistance.
Environment (Climate Change)
2015PrelimsPaper 1 (GS)Q.76

With reference to an organization known as 'BirdLife International', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1
It is a Global Partnership of Conservation Organizations.
2
The concept of 'biodiversity hotspots' originated from this organization.
3
It identifies the sites known/referred to as 'Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas'.
Environment and Ecology
2015PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.21
The richer States have a responsibility to cut down carbon emissions and promote clean energy investments. These are the States that got electricity, grew faster and now have high per capita income, making them capable of sharing India's burden of becoming eco-friendly. Delhi, for example, can help by generating its own clean electricity using solar rooftop panels or even help poor States finance their clean energy projects. It is no secret that State Electricity Boards, which control 95% of the distribution network, are neck-deep in losses. These losses further discourage State utilities from adopting renewable energy as it is more expensive than fossil fuels. Which among the following is the most logical and rational assumption that can be made from the above passage?
CSAT
2015PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.27

Individuals, groups and leaders who promote human development operate under strong institutional, structural and political constraints that affect policy options. But experience suggests broad principles for shaping an appropriate agenda for human development. One important finding from several decades of human development experience is that focusing exclusively on economic growth is problematic. While we have good knowledge about how to advance health and education, the causes of growth are much less certain and growth is often elusive. Further, an unbalanced emphasis on growth is often associated with negative environmental consequences and adverse distributional effects. The experience of China, with its impressive growth record, reflects these broader concerns and underlines the importance of balanced approaches that emphasize investments in the non-income aspects of human development. With reference to the above passage, consider the following statements:

1
In developing countries, a strong institutional framework is the only requirement for human development and policy options.
2
Human development and economic growth are not always positively inter-related.
3
Focusing only on human development should be the goal of economic growth.
CSAT
2015PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.28

With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:

1
Higher economic growth is essential to ensure reduction in economic disparity.
2
Environmental degradation is sometimes a consequence of economic growth.
CSAT
2015PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.64

Climate change is a complex policy issue with major implications in terms of finance. All actions to address climate change ultimately involve costs. Funding is vital for countries like India to design and implement adaptation and mitigation plans and projects. Lack of funding is a large impediment to implementing adaptation plans. The scale and magnitude of the financial support required by developing countries to enhance their domestic mitigation and adaptation actions are a matter of intense debate in the multilateral negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Convention squarely puts the responsibility for provision of financial support on the developed countries, taking into account their contribution to the stock of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. Given the magnitude of the task and the funds required, domestic finances are likely to fall short of the current and projected needs of the developing countries. Global funding through the multilateral mechanism of the Convention will enhance their domestic capacity to finance the mitigation efforts. According to the passage, which of the following is/are a matter of intense debate in the multilateral negotiations under UNFCCC regarding the role of developing countries in climate change?

1
The scale and size of required financial support.
2
The crop loss due to climate change in the developing countries.
3
To enhance the mitigation and adaptation actions in the developing countries.
CSAT
2015PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.65
In this passage, the Convention puts the responsibility for the provision of financial support on the developed countries because of 1. their higher level of per capita incomes. 2. their large quantum of GDP. 3. their large contribution to the stock of GHGs in the atmosphere. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
CSAT
2015PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.66
With regards to developing countries, it can be inferred from the passage that climate change is likely to have implications on their 1. domestic finances. 2. capacity for multilateral trade. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
CSAT
2015PrelimsPaper 2 (CSAT)Q.67
Which one of the following is essentially discussed in the passage?
CSAT

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