Chapter 9: Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Geography • Class 12 • Class 12 Indian Human Geography
9
Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
Saved in DatabaseGeography • Class 12 • Class 12 Indian Human Geography
Prelims High-Yield Explanations & Traps
- which one of the following? (a)Integrated Tourism Development Programme (b)Integrated Travel Development Programme (c)Integrated Tribal Development Programme (d)Integrated Transport Development Programme (iii)Which one of the following is the most crucial factor for sustainable development in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area? (a)Agricultural development (b)Eco-development (c)Transport development (d)Colonisation of land 2
Essential Definitions & Formulas
- Though it
- a very broad term, in this chapter, it has been used with reference to the process of economic development.
- It has been observed that this programme
- largely confined to the development of agriculture and allied sectors with major focus on restoration of ecological balance.
- Since growing population pressure
- forcing the society to utilise the marginal lands for agriculture, and, thereby causing ecological degradation, there is a need to create alternative employment opportunities in the drought- prone areas.
- It
- a notified tribal area since 21 November 1975.
- Bharmaur
- inhabited by ‘Gaddi’, a tribal community who have maintained a distinct identity in the Himalayan region as they practised transhumance and conversed through Gaddiali dialect.
- It
- one of the most (economically and socially) backward areas of Himachal Pradesh.
- The economy
- largely based on agriculture and allied activities such as sheep and goat rearing.
- The name Bharmaur
- derived from Sanskrit word Brahmaur.
- This region popularly known as the homeland of Gaddis
- surrounded by lofty mountains on all sides.
- Bharmaur region
- the development of infrastructure in terms of schools, healthcare facilities, potable water, roads, communications and electricity.
- But the crop cultivation
- still done with traditional technology.
- Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development Sustainable Development The term development
- generally used to describe the state of particular societies and the process of changes experienced by them.
- The concept of development
- dynamic and has evolved during the second half of twentieth century.
- The total planned length of the system
- 9,060 km catering to the irrigation needs of a total culturable command area of 19.
- It has a gently undulating topography and its culturable command area
- 5.
- II
- spread over Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur and Churu districts covering culturable command area of 14.
- This
- the result of intensive irrigation.
- It
- a hard fact that attaining sustainable development in the command area requires major thrust upon the measures to achieve ecological sustainability.
- The first requirement
- strict implementation of water management policy.
- ITDP
- which one of the following? (a)Integrated Tourism Development Programme (b)Integrated Travel Development Programme (c)Integrated Tribal Development Programme (d)Integrated Transport Development Programme (iii)Which one of the following is the most crucial factor for sustainable development in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area? (a)Agricultural development (b)Eco-development (c)Transport development (d)Colonisation of land 2.
Related PYQs (79)
2016•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.27
The FAO accords the status of 'Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS)' to traditional agricultural systems. What is the overall goal of this initiative?
1
To provide modern technology, training in modern farming methods and financial support to local communities of identified GIAHS so as to greatly enhance their agricultural productivity
2
To identify and safeguard eco-friendly traditional farm practices and their associated landscapes, agricultural biodiversity and knowledge systems of the local communities
3
To provide Geographical Indication status to all the varieties of agricultural produce in such identified GIAHS
Environment and Ecology
2016•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.30
Consider the following pairs: Terms sometimes seen in the news : Their origin
1
Annex-I Countries : Cartagena Protocol
2
Certified Emissions Reductions : Nagoya Protocol
3
Clean Development Mechanism : Kyoto Protocol
Environment and Ecology
2016•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.33
Which of the following best describes/describe the aim of 'Green India Mission' of the Government of India?
1
Incorporating environmental benefits and costs into the Union and State Budgets thereby implementing the 'green accounting'
2
Launching the second green revolution to enhance agricultural output so as to ensure food security to one and all in the future
3
Restoring and enhancing forest cover and responding to climate change by a combination of adaptation and mitigation measures
Environment and Climate Change
2016•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.61
Recently, India's first 'National Investment and Manufacturing Zone' was proposed to be set up in
Economic Development
2017•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.10
Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Smart India Hackathon 2017?
1
It is a centrally sponsored scheme for developing every city of our country into Smart Cities in a decade.
2
It is an initiative to identify new digital technology innovations for solving the many problems faced by our country.
3
It is a programme aimed at making all the financial transactions in our country completely digital in a decade.
Science and Technology
2017•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.22
It is possible to produce algae based biofuels, but what is/are the likely limitation(s) of developing countries in promoting this industry?
1
Production of algae based biofuels is possible in seas only and not on continents.
2
Setting up and engineering the algae based biofuel production requires high level of expertise/technology until the construction is completed.
3
Economically viable production necessitates the setting up of large scale facilities which may raise ecological and social concerns.
Science and Technology
2017•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.41
With reference to 'Asia Pacific Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development (APMCHUD)', consider the following statements:
1
The first APMCHUD was held in India in 2006 on the theme 'Emerging Urban Forms - Policy Responses and Governance Structure'.
2
India hosts all the Annual Ministerial Conferences in partnership with ADB, APEC and ASEAN.
Current events
2018•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.59
With reference to the circumstances in Indian agriculture, the concept of "Conservation Agriculture" assumes significance. Which of the following fall under the Conservation Agriculture ?
1
Avoiding the monoculture practices
2
Adopting minimum tillage
3
Avoiding the cultivation of plantation crops
4
Using crop residues to cover soil surface
5
Adopting spatial and temporal crop sequencing/crop rotations
Economic and Social Development
2019•Prelims•Paper 2 (CSAT)•Q.41
Which one of the following is the most logical, rational and crucial message conveyed by the above passage ?
CSAT
2019•Prelims•Paper 2 (CSAT)•Q.42
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made :
1
The issue of effects of natural calamities on agriculture is not given due consideration by GM technology companies.
2
In the long run, GM technology will not be able to solve agricultural problems arising due to global warming.
CSAT
2019•Prelims•Paper 2 (CSAT)•Q.43
Which one of the following is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage ?
CSAT
2019•Prelims•Paper 2 (CSAT)•Q.44
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made :
1
Food safety is a complex issue that calls for a multipronged solution.
2
Great investments need to be made in developing the manpower for surveillance and training.
3
India needs to make sufficient legislation for governing food processing industry.
CSAT
2019•Prelims•Paper 2 (CSAT)•Q.45
The passage seems to argue
CSAT
2020•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.40
With reference to "Blockchain Technology", consider the following statements:
1
It is a public ledger that everyone can inspect, but which no single user controls.
2
The structure and design of blockchain is such that all the data in it are about cryptocurrency only.
3
Applications that depend on basic features of blockchain can be developed without anybody's permission.
General Science
2020•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.78
In rural road construction, the use of which of the following is preferred for ensuring environmental sustainability or to reduce carbon footprint?
1
Copper slag;
2
Cold mix asphalt technology;
3
Geotextiles;
4
Hot mix asphalt technology;
5
Portland cement.
Environmental Ecology
2020•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.90
In the context of India, which of the following is/are considered to be practice(s) of eco-friendly agriculture?
1
Crop diversification;
2
Legume intensification;
3
Tensiometer use;
4
Vertical farming.
Environment and Sustainable Development
2021•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.16
'R2 Code of Practices' constitutes a tool available for promoting the adoption of
General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change
2021•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.17
Why is there a concern about copper smelting plants?
1
They may release lethal quantities of carbon monoxide into environment.
2
The copper slag can cause the leaching of some heavy metals into environment.
3
They may release sulphur dioxide as a pollutant.
General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change
2021•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.19
What is blue carbon?
General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change
2021•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.59
In the context of India's preparation for Climate-Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements :
1
The 'Climate-Smart Village' approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme.
2
The project of CCAFS is carried out under Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France.
3
The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR's research centres.
Economics
2022•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.45
With reference to "Gucchi" sometimes mentioned in the news, consider the following statements :
1
It is a fungus.
2
It grows in some Himalayan forest areas.
3
It is commercially cultivated in the Himalayan foothills of north-eastern India.
Forest Products and Biodiversity
2022•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.74
Consider the following statements :
1
The India Sanitation Coalition is a platform to promote sustainable sanitation and is funded by the Government of India and the World Health Organization.
2
The National Institute of Urban Affairs is an apex body of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs in Government of India and provides innovative solutions to address the challenges of Urban India.
Urban Development & Governance
2022•Prelims•Paper 2 (CSAT)•Q.1
Unsustainability in production pattern is due to which of the following?
1
Heavy dependence on fossil fuels
2
Limited availability of resources
3
Expansion of recycling
CSAT
2022•Prelims•Paper 2 (CSAT)•Q.2
Consider the following statements :
Developed countries can support developing countries' transition to sustainable human development by
1. making clean energy sources available at low cost
2. providing loans for improving their public transport at nominal interest rates
3. encouraging them to change their production and consumption patterns
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
CSAT
2023•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.23
Consider the following statements :
Statement-I
Carbon markets are likely to be one of the most widespread tools in the fight against climate change.
Statement-II
Carbon markets transfer resources from the private sector to the State.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
Environment and Ecology
2023•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.68
Consider the following activities :
1
Spreading finely ground basalt rock on farmlands extensively
2
Increasing the alkalinity of oceans by adding lime
3
Capturing carbon dioxide released by various industries and pumping it into abandoned subterranean mines in the form of carbonated waters
Environment
2024•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.65
Consider the following properties included in the World Heritage List released by UNESCO:
1
Shantiniketan
2
Rani-ki-Vav
3
Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas
4
Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodhgaya
Art and Culture
2016•Mains•GS-I•Q.11
With a brief background of quality of urban life in India, introduce the objectives and strategy of the 'Smart City Programme'.
GS-I - Society
2025•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.64
The World Bank warned that India could become one of the first places where wet-bulb temperatures routinely exceed 35 °C.
Which of the following statements best reflect(s) the implication of the above-said report?
I. Peninsular India will most likely suffer from flooding, tropical cyclones and droughts.
II. The survival of animals including humans will be affected as shedding of their body heat through perspiration becomes difficult.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
GS-III
2026•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.32
With reference to Madhav National Park, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1
It was declared a Tiger Reserve in India in 2025.
2
Sakhya Sagar, which is designated as a Ramsar Site, is situated within this National Park.
3
Its area is shared between Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
Environment
2026•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.35
Consider the following statements with reference to the Sagarmala Programme of the Government of India: I. The Sagarmala Programme seeks to achieve port-led economic growth through cost-effective and sustainable coastal infrastructure. II. The success of the Sagarmala Programme is reflected in significant growth in coastal and inland waterway shipping, along with improved global port rankings. III. Sagarmala 2.0 aims to position India as a global maritime innovation hub aligned with Atmanirbhar Bharat and Viksit Bharat 2047 visions. Which of the following relationships among the above statements is/are correct?
1
Statement II validates the effectiveness of the strategies envisioned in statement I.
2
Statement III extends the objectives of statement I by embedding them into a future-oriented innovation framework.
3
Statement I contradicts statement III by focusing only on traditional infrastructure instead of modern innovation.
Governance
2026•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.52
In a multi-ethnic district where both economic competition and historical grievances frequently led to community tensions, a flashpoint has arisen with a Government decision to allocate land for a waste management facility near a tribal hamlet, sparking protests by the tribal community, which claimed that the land was sacred and critical to their cultural identity. At the same time, urban residents and local industries supported the project, citing severe solid waste challenges and health concerns due to lack of a proper disposal site. The conflict has escalated with road blockades, social media campaigns, and allegations of police excesses. As a responsible Government official, you are tasked with resolving the situation through mediation, ensuring a sustainable outcome that balances environmental needs, tribal rights, and urban public health. Consider the following statements with reference to the above:
1
A successful conflict resolution process must begin with acknowledging the cultural concerns of the protesting tribal community before discussing technical alternatives.
2
The Government should move ahead with the project without delay to address urban health concerns, which outweigh the sentiments of a small group.
3
Creating a multi-stakeholder dialogue platform - including tribal leaders, environmental experts, and municipal representatives - to build mutual understanding and help de-escalate tensions.
4
Conducting an independent Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and sharing findings transparently with both sides to facilitate evidence-based decision-making.
General Studies
2016•Mains•GS-III•Q.4
What are 'Smart Cities'? Examine their relevance for urban development in India. Will it increase rural-urban differences? Give arguments for 'Smart Villages' in the light of PURA and RURBAN Mission.
GS-III (Infrastructure)
2016•Mains•GS-III•Q.12
Discuss India's achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development?
GS-III
2016•Mains•GS-III•Q.13
Why is nanotechnology one of the key technologies of the 21st century? Describe the salient features of Indian Government's Mission on Nanoscience and Technology and the scope of its application in the development process of the country.
GS-III
2016•Mains•GS-III•Q.14
Rehabilitation of human settlements is one of the important environmental impacts which always attracts controversy while planning major projects. Discuss the measures suggested for mitigation of this impact while proposing major developmental projects.
GS-III
2016•Mains•GS-III•Q.15
The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.
GS-III
2016•Mains•GS-IV•Q.13
(a) ABC Ltd. is a large transnational company having diversified business activities with a huge shareholder base. The company is continuously expanding and generating employment. The company, in its expansion and diversification programme, decides to establish a new plant at Vikaspuri, an area which is underdeveloped. The new plant is designed to use energy efficient technology that will help the company to save production cost by 20%. The company's decision goes well with the Government policy of attracting investment to develop such underdeveloped regions. The Government has also announced tax holiday for five years for the companies that invest in underdeveloped areas. However, the new plant may bring chaos for the inhabitants of Vikaspuri region, which is otherwise tranquil. The new plant may result in increased cost of living, aliens migrating to the region, disturbing the social and economic order. The company sensing the possible protest tried to educate the people of Vikaspuri region and public in general that how its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy would help overcome the likely difficulties of the residents of Vikaspuri region. In spite of this the protests begin and some of the residents decided to approach the judiciary as their plea before the Government did not yield any result. Identify the issues involved in the case.
(b) What can be suggested to satisfy the company's goal and to address the residents' concerns?
Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude
2017•Mains•GS-III•Q.17
Climate change is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change?
GS-III
2017•Mains•GS-III•Q.18
On December 2004, tsunami brought havoc on fourteen countries including India. Discuss the factors responsible for occurrence of tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.
GS-III
2018•Mains•GS-I•Q.16
What is the significance of Industrial Corridors in India? Identifying industrial corridors, explain their main characteristics.
Geography
2018•Mains•GS-III•Q.16
With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy.
GS-III
2019•Mains•GS-I•Q.4
Assess the impact of global warming on the coral life system with examples.
GS-I
2019•Mains•GS-II•Q.16
In the context of neo-liberal paradigm of development planning, multi-level planning is expected to make operations cost-effective and remove many implementation blockages. Discuss.
GS-II
2019•Mains•GS-II•Q.17
The need for cooperation among various service sectors has been an inherent component of development discourse. Partnership bridges the gap among the sectors. It also sets in motion a culture of 'collaboration' and 'team spirit'. In the light of statements above examine India's development process.
GS-II
2019•Mains•GS-III•Q.17
Define the concept of carrying capacity of an ecosystem as relevant to an environment. Explain how understanding this concept is vital while planning for sustainable development of a region.
GS-III
2020•Mains•GS-I•Q.14
The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional inter-related problems of droughts, floods and interrupted navigation. Critically examine.
GS-I
2020•Mains•GS-III•Q.15
COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid management of the pandemic.
GS-III - Disaster Management (Technology in Pandemic Response)
2020•Mains•GS-III•Q.16
Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to the conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our Government for this purpose?
GS-III - Infrastructure (Solar Energy)
2020•Mains•GS-III•Q.17
What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the Government of India?
GS-III - Environmental Pollution (National Clean Air Programme)
2020•Mains•GS-III•Q.18
Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach.
GS-III - Disaster Management (Proactive Measures)
2022•Mains•GS-I•Q.20
Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India.
GS-I
2022•Mains•GS-II•Q.20
Clean energy is the order of the day. Describe briefly India's changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics.
International Relations / Climate Policy
2022•Mains•GS-III•Q.1
Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India.
Infrastructure
2022•Mains•GS-III•Q.12
Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective? Explain.
GS-III
2022•Mains•GS-III•Q.17
Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997.
GS-III
2022•Mains•GS-III•Q.18
Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard?
GS-III
2023•Mains•GS-I•Q.14
Comment on the resource potentials of the long coastline of India and highlight the status of natural hazard preparedness in these areas.
GS-I
2024•Mains•GS-IV•Q.2
(a) It is not enough to talk about peace, one must believe in it; and it is not enough to believe in it, one must act upon it. In the present context, the major weapon industries of the developed nations are adversely influencing continuation of number of wars for their own self-interest, all around the world. What are the ethical considerations of the powerful nations in today's international arena to stop continuation of ongoing conflicts?
(b) Global warming and climate change are the outcomes of human greed in the name of development, indicating the direction in which extinction of organisms including human beings is heading towards loss of life on Earth. How do you put an end to this to protect life and bring equilibrium between the society and the environment?
Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude
2025•Mains•GS-I•Q.8
How does smart city in India, address the issues of urban poverty and distributive justice?
Society
2025•Mains•GS-I•Q.15
How can Artificial Intelligence (AI) and drones be effectively used along with GIS and RS techniques in locational and areal planning?
Science and Technology
2025•Mains•GS-I•Q.18
1
Raj's apartment was three floors underneath the Subramanian residence.
2
There was little space below the tin roof and the scaffolding for the squirrel to hide in.
Food Processing
2025•Mains•GS-I•Q.19
1
The ship put in at the first available port to repair its damaged hull.
2
The advertisement was put out for wide circulation.
3
The matter had become so urgent that it could not be put off for another day.
GS-III
2026•Mains•GS-I•Q.15
Analyze the role of satellite-based technologies in achieving climate-smart agriculture and food security in India.
Science and Technology
2026•Mains•GS-I•Q.20
Evaluate the impact of globalization on Indian youths with reference to social, political, economic and cultural spheres.
GS-I
2022•Essay•Essay•Q.5
The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining
Disaster Management
2025•Essay•Essay•Q.5
Muddy water is best cleared by leaving it alone.
Essay
2019•Sociology•Sociology Paper-I•Q.6
(a) Examine the importance of Development Planning in Indian Mixed Economy, and analyze its problems and prospects.
(b) Highlight the main features of the 'Inter-linking of Rivers' project in India. What could be its probable advantages to Indian agriculture?
(c) Has reduction of green cover affected ecological degradation leading to global warming? Elaborate your answer with illustration.
Sociology Optional
2025•Sociology•Sociology Paper-I•Q.8
(a) What do you understand by sustainable development? Discuss the elements of sustainable development as proposed in the UNDP's Sustainable Development Goals Report-2015.
(b) How do 'Civil Society Organizations' such as 'NGOs' and 'Self-Help Groups' contribute to grassroot level social changes? Discuss.
(c) In what way does queer kinship challenge the traditional kinship system? Substantiate by giving illustrations.
Sociology Optional
2013•Prelims•Paper 2 (CSAT)•Q.14
Between which two cities among the pairs of cities given below are there maximum travel options available?
CSAT
2014•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.27
Which one of the following statements best implies the need to shift toward contemporary conservation approach?
Environment and Ecology
2014•Prelims•Paper 2 (CSAT)•Q.26
According to the passage, the adverse impact of climate change on an ecosystem can be a
1. permanent disappearance of some of its flora and fauna.
2. permanent disappearance of ecosystem itself.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
CSAT
2014•Prelims•Paper 2 (CSAT)•Q.27
Which one of the following statements best implies the need to shift toward contemporary conservation approach?
CSAT
2014•Prelims•Paper 2 (CSAT)•Q.28
What is the most important message conveyed by the passage?
CSAT
2014•Prelims•Paper 2 (CSAT)•Q.29
With reference to the passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1
To maintain natural ecosystems, exploitation of natural resources should be completely avoided.
2
Not only anthropogenic but also natural reasons can adversely affect ecosystems.
3
Loss of endemic diversity leads to the extinction of ecosystems.
CSAT
2015•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.71
In which of the following activities are Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites used?
1
Assessment of crop productivity
2
Locating groundwater resources
3
Mineral exploration
4
Telecommunications
5
Traffic studies
Science and Technology (Space Applications)
2015•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.74
With reference to 'Forest Carbon Partnership Facility', which of the following statements is/are correct?
1
It is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society and indigenous peoples.
2
It provides financial aid to universities, individual scientists and institutions involved in scientific forestry research to develop eco-friendly and climate adaptation technologies for sustainable forest management.
3
It assists the countries in their 'REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation+)' efforts by providing them with financial and technical assistance.
Environment (Climate Change)
2015•Prelims•Paper 1 (GS)•Q.93
With reference to bio-toilets used by the Indian Railways, consider the following statements:
1
The decomposition of human waste in the bio-toilets is initiated by a fungal inoculum.
2
Ammonia and water vapour are the only end products in this decomposition which are released into the atmosphere.
Environment
2015•Prelims•Paper 2 (CSAT)•Q.21
The richer States have a responsibility to cut down carbon emissions and promote clean energy investments. These are the States that got electricity, grew faster and now have high per capita income, making them capable of sharing India's burden of becoming eco-friendly. Delhi, for example, can help by generating its own clean electricity using solar rooftop panels or even help poor States finance their clean energy projects. It is no secret that State Electricity Boards, which control 95% of the distribution network, are neck-deep in losses. These losses further discourage State utilities from adopting renewable energy as it is more expensive than fossil fuels.
Which among the following is the most logical and rational assumption that can be made from the above passage?
CSAT