Memory Hierarchy & Binary Data

Registers, Cache (L1/L2/L3), RAM, ROM, Flash, SSD, Binary/Hexadecimal conversion, ASCII, and Unicode.

Target: EPFO APFC 2026•Topic-Level RAG Context Active•Model: Nemotron 3.5 Lightning 30B / 120B

Topic Overview

Registers, Cache (L1/L2/L3), RAM, ROM, Flash, SSD, Binary/Hexadecimal conversion, ASCII, and Unicode.

Key Syllabus Concepts

Memory Hierarchy: Registers -> Cache -> Main Memory (RAM) -> Secondary Storage (SSD/HDD)
SRAM (Cache, fast, expensive) vs DRAM (Main memory, needs periodic refresh)
ROM types: PROM, EPROM (UV light erase), EEPROM (Electrical erase - Flash memory)
Binary, Octal, Decimal, Hexadecimal Number Conversions & ASCII vs UTF-8

High-Yield Important Points & Rules

💡 Cache memory operates at CPU speed to reduce fetch latency from slower DRAM.
💡 Flash memory used in Pen drives and SSDs is a type of EEPROM.

Historical UPSC EPFO PYQ Relevance

3 Matched PYQs

2025•EPFO APFC•General Ability Test• Q.1

Full Question

In the above passage there are four blanks Hy to numbered (1), (ii), (iii) and (iv). Select the option terce from those given below in which the most Nest. appropriate term has been used for each of the — blanks respectively : lay’s tury.

2025•EPFO APFC•General Ability Test• Q.2

Full Question

Which of the following sentences with respect 4, to the passage is/are correct ? 1. All rich western nations have been seeing an increase in emigration from Africa over the past few decades. 2. Over the past thirty-five odd years, the number of African origin people living outside Africa has gone up by a factor of three.

2025•EPFO APFC•General Ability Test• Q.3

Full Question

The fierce resistance to labour incursion into the West will temper emigration from Africa in the 215 century. Select the answer using the codes given below :

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