What is the aim of the programme 'Unnat Bharat Abhiyan'?

With reference to land reforms in independent India, which one of the following statements is correct?

Land needed for mining, dams and other large-scale projects is acquired mostly from Adivasis, hill dwellers and rural communities. The displaced persons are paid monetary compensation as per the legal provisions. However, the payment is often tardy. In any case, it cannot sustain the displaced families for long. These people do not possess marketable skills to engage in some other occupation. They end up as low paid migrant labourers. Moreover, their traditional ways of community living are destroyed. Thus, the benefits of development go to industries, industrialists and urban communities whereas the costs are passed on to these poor helpless people. This unjust distribution of costs and benefits is unethical. Suppose you have been entrusted with the task of drafting a better compensation-cum-rehabilitation policy for such displaced persons, how would you approach the problem and what would be the main elements of your suggested policy?

The emergence of the Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in contemporary times points to the slow but steady withdrawal of the State from developmental activities. Examine the role of the SHGs in developmental activities and the measures taken by the Government of India to promote the SHGs.

Mention core strategies for the transformation of aspirational districts in India and explain the nature of convergence, collaboration and competition for its success.

Rampura, a remote district inhabited by a tribal population, is marked by extreme backwardness and abject poverty. Agriculture is the mainstay of the local population, though it is primarily subsistence due to the very small land holdings. There is insignificant industrial or mining activity. Even the targeted welfare programs have inadequately benefited the tribal population. In this restrictive scenario, the youth has begun to migrate to other states to supplement the family income. Plight of minor girls is that their parents are persuaded by labour contractors to send them to work in the Bt Cotton farms of a nearby state. The soft fingers of the minor girls are well suited for plucking the cotton. The inadequate living and working conditions in these farms have caused serious health issues for the minor girls. NGOs in the districts of domicile and the cotton farms appear to be compromised and have not effectively espoused the twin issues of child labour and development of the area. You are appointed as the District Collector of Rampura. Identify the ethical issues involved. Which specific steps will you initiate to ameliorate the conditions of minor girls of your district and to improve the over-all economic scenario in the district?

Parmal is a small but underdeveloped district. It has rocky terrain that is not suitable for agriculture, though some subsistence agriculture is being done on small plots of land. The area receives adequate rainfall and has an irrigation canal flowing through it. Amria, its administrative centre, is a medium sized town. It houses a large district hospital, an Industrial Training Institute and some privately owned skill training centres. It has all the facilities of a district headquarters. A trunk railway line passes approximately 50 kilometres from Amria. Its poor connectivity is a major reason for the absence of any major industry therein. The state government offers a 10 years tax holiday as an incentive to new industry. In 2010 Anil, an industrialist, decided to take benefits to set up Amria Plastic Works (APW) in Noora village, about 20 km from Amria. While the factory was being built, Anil hired the required key labour and got them trained at the skill training centres at Amria. This act of his made the key personnel very loyal to APW. APW started production in 2011 with the labour drawn fully from Noora village. The villagers were very happy to get employment near their homes and were motivated by the key personnel to meet the production targets with high quality. APW started making large profits, a sizeable portion of which was used to improve the quality of life in Noora. By 2016, Noora could boast of a greener village and a renovated village temple. Anil liaised with the local MLA to increase the frequency of the bus services to Amria. The government also opened a primary health care centre and primary school at Noora in buildings constructed by APW. APW used its CSR funds to set up women's self-help groups, subsidize primary education to the village children and procure an ambulance for use by its employees and the needy. In 2019, there was a minor fire in APW. It was quickly extinguished as fire safety protocols were in place in the factory. Investigations revealed that the factory had been using electricity in excess of its authorized capacity. This was soon rectified. The next year, due to a nationwide lockdown, the requirement of production fell for four months. Anil decided that all employees would be paid regularly. He employed them to plant trees and improve the village habitat. APW had developed a reputation of high quality production and a motivated workforce. Critically analyse the story of APW and state the ethical issues involved. Do you consider APW as a role model for development of backward areas? Give reasons.

(a) Russia and Ukraine war has been going on for the last seven months. Different countries have taken independent stands and actions keeping in view their own national interests. We are all aware that war has its own impact on the different aspects of society, including human tragedy. What are those ethical issues that are crucial to be considered while launching the war and its continuation so far? Illustrate with justification the ethical issues involved in the given state of affair. (b) Write short notes on the following:

Do you agree with the view that increasing dependence on donor agencies for development reduces the importance of community participation in the development process? Justify your answer.

State the objectives and measures of land reforms in India. Discuss how land ceiling policy on landholding can be considered as an effective reform under economic criteria.

What were the factors responsible for the successful implementation of land reforms in some parts of the country? Elaborate.

Public charitable trusts have the potential to make India's development more inclusive as they relate to certain vital public issues. Comment.

Does India's tribal development policy reflect the aspirations for a socially grounded and equity-based governance? Justify your answer.

Neglect of primary health care and education in India are reasons for its backwardness

(a) Salient features of A.R. Desai's Marxist Sociology (b) Significance of Village Studies in Indian Sociology (c) 'Isolationism' as a dominant feature of colonial tribal policy (d) Anti-Brahmanical movements during the colonial period (e) Patriarchy as a form of dominance

(a) How has B.R. Ambedkar identified the features of caste system? How is it different from the mainstream treatment of caste features? (b) Discuss Andre Beteille's account of the relationship between caste, class and power as a change from symmetrical to asymmetrical one. (c) Analyse the major components of Land Reform Acts. Show their effectiveness in curbing rural inequality.

(a) Bring out the significance of the difference between family and household. (b) Elucidate the concepts of 'majoritarianism' and 'minoritarianism' in accentuating communal tensions in India. (c) Comment on the increasing significance of caste in politics.

(a) How is the tribal question related with the issues of integration and autonomy in modern India? (b) Comment on the factors behind the changing status of women in urban India. (c) What accounts for the growth and consolidation of the middle classes in modern India?

(a) Privatization of education and increasing inequalities (b) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme for rural development (c) Different forms of Dalit assertion (d) Empowerment through 'Right to Education' (e) Differential sex-ratio and its implications

(a) Write a note on the uneven impact of 'Green Revolution' on rural society. (b) Discuss the emerging forms of 'inequalities' and 'acute poverty' as major challenges of social transformation in India. (c) Discuss the various forms of environmental movements waged in India.

(a) Bring out the impact of the declining significance of the agrarian economy. (b) Examine the impact of industrialization and urbanization on family structure. (c) How is ageing becoming an emerging issue in Indian society?

(a) Write a critique of the structural and functional perspective used by M.N. Srinivas in the understanding of Indian society. (b) Which is more significant, the principle of 'hierarchy' or the principle of 'difference', in intercaste relations in the present day? (c) What are the distinct features of Islam as practised in India, and how have they changed over time? (d) How have the struggles against untouchability changed their forms and perspectives from Gandhian to Ambedkarite positions? (e) Write a short note on 'changing means of production and increased rural poverty.'

(a) Explain the concepts of 'dominant caste' and 'vote bank', giving examples from specific regions. (b) What is the nature of religious change among tribal communities? Illustrate with two examples from colonial and post independence times. (c) Compare the pressing problems of a dalit poor family living in an urban slum with a similar type of family living in a rural setting.

(a) What are the reasons for the escalation of violence against women in the public domain? (b) Write a note on Education and Equality in India. (c) Give an account of the problems relating to the "creamy layer". (d) Do you agree that the issue of child labour raises questions about and beyond the informal sector? Give reasons. (e) What are the emerging concerns on women's reproductive health?

(a) The focal point of Sociology rests on interaction. How do you distinguish it from common sense? (b) Distinguish between fact and value in Weber's Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism. (c) Do you think 'I' and 'Me' are central terms in Mead's work? (d) What is the difference between natural and social inequality? Give examples from caste and class dimensions. (e) What are the new forms of family in developed societies? Discuss.

(a) Is non-positivistic methodology scientific? Illustrate. (b) Explain Durkheim's basic arguments on suicide. Can you analyse high suicide rates of contemporary Indian society with Durkheim's theory? (c) Evaluate if social stratification is functional for society.

(a) Does collapse of functionalism and bankruptcy of Marxism coincide with the rupture of modernity? Discuss. (b) Define patriarchy. How does patriarchy manifest in interpersonal relations? (c) What is the difference between anomie in Merton and Durkheim? Explain.

(a) According to Marx, how are human beings alienated from their human potential and what does he suggest to change this? (b) Schooling does not ensure upward mobility of all members of the society. Discuss with reference to class societies. (c) Discuss the challenges thrown by religious revivalism to a secular nation-state.

(a) Is the theory of cultural lag valid in present times? Discuss. (b) Are social movements primordial in means and progressive in agenda? Explain. (c) Does scientific method make Sociology a science? Illustrate your answer with Durkheim's method. (d) Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative techniques of data collection with suitable examples from Indian society. (e) Is social mobility possible in closed systems of stratification? Illustrate from research work.

(a) Analyze A. R. Desai's views on India's path of development. (b) Examine sociological dynamics of Champaran Peasant Movement in colonial India. (c) How do the recommendations of Swaminathan Commission (2004-2006) ensure food and nutrition security for the Indian masses?

(a) What do you understand by discrete castes and muddled hierarchies? Substantiate your answer with suitable illustrations. (b) Discuss development-induced displacement in the context of tribal uprising in India. Substantiate your answer with any one detailed illustration from India. (c) Illustrate the importance of 'Kanyadan' and 'Kulabadhu' in changing institutions of marriage and family.

(a) Elaborate the concept of constitutional morality as given by B. R. Ambedkar. (b) Construct a sociological narrative on the increasing trend of child abuse in India. (c) Explain the dynamics of neo-farmers' movement in contemporary India. (d) Assess the role of the State in promoting education of girl child. (e) Elaborate the 'Me Too' Movement and its impact in India.

(a) How do you relate the growth of development of metropolis and its impact on the mental and social life of people in India? (b) Has 'Green Revolution' led to the formation of new power elite in rural India? Elaborate your answer. (c) Write a note on Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP) and Integrated Housing and Slum Development (IHSD) programmes provided for the urban poor.

(a) Elaborate Srinivas's views on religion and society among the Coorgs. (b) Illustrate the contributions of the Tebhaga Movement to the peasants struggle in India. (c) Examine the changing initiatives of the land tenure system in India. (d) Write a note on Ghurye's conception of caste in India. (e) Comment on the growing assertion of tribal community for autonomy in India.

(a) Do you think that 'demonetization' has accelerated the economic growth in India? How do you understand the informalization of labour, underemployment and gender discrimination in this context? (b) Discuss the implications of 'Swachha Bharat Abhiyan'. Do you think that civil society has a role to play here? Substantiate your answer with examples. (c) Do you agree that social movements are caused by opportunity structures that are generated by media? Why?

(a) Elaborate A. R. Desai's perspective to the study of Indian society. (b) Banning practice of 'Sati' is attributed to annihilation of a major social evil in colonial India. Comment. (c) How do you justify Dumont's deliberate stress on ideology that produced intellectualized account of Indian society? (d) Explain the definitional problems concerning the tribal communities in India. (e) Secularism was an outcome of 20th century humanistic radicalism. Comment on this statement.

(a) Indian caste system is unique and has been unhealthy for the growth of sociology of India. How far do you agree with this view? (b) Discuss Whitehead's contention that caste has potential to displace class and colonial contradiction. (c) Indian rural society is a faction-ridden society. Discuss.

(a) Examine the colonial policy of segregation of tribes under the Government of India Act, 1935. (b) Discuss the dynamics of 'migrant workers' in India in the context of Corona pandemic. (c) How does Andre Beteille justify 'middle class in India'?

(a) Discuss in detail the main issues of development planning in mixed economy like India. (b) Do you think MSP (Minimum Support Price) Scheme for agricultural produce can help in rural development? Elaborate your response with suitable examples. (c) How can skill development programme induce social change? Illustrate.

(a) Elaborate the causes, consequences and other concerns of growth of urban settlements in India. (b) Evaluate the nature and scope of anthropogenic influence on climate in India and also analyze the environmental movements arising out of it. (c) Are the contemporary farmers' movements in India changing their course? Discuss.

(a) Colonial administrators helped to construct the very traditionalism which marked the Indian society as 'backward'. Comment critically. (b) What were the salient features of the India's Population Policy (2000)? How far its goals have been achieved? (c) Point out the main causes of 'child labour' in India. How far the State policies have succeeded in its elimination?

(a) Technology has accelerated the process of development and dependency. Discuss. (b) Phenomenological perspectives in sociology reject many of the assumptions of positivism. Comment. (c) Critically assess the Marxian theory of 'Alienation'.

(a) How does Marx view social conflict as an essential element in social change? (b) What is the impact of gender division of labour on the development of society? (c) Examine how social movements come to an end. Illustrate with examples.

(a) Europe was the first and the only place where modernity emerged. Comment. (b) Do you think ethnomethodology helps us in getting reliable and valid data? Justify your answer. (c) Discuss the challenges involved in collecting data through census method. (d) Explain whether Durkheim's theory of Division of Labour is relevant in the present day context. (e) Critically examine Max Weber's theory of Social Stratification.

(a) From the viewpoint of growing importance of multidisciplinarity, how do you relate sociology to other social sciences? (b) How far are sociologists justified in using positivist approach to understand social reality? Explain with suitable illustrations. (c) How is sociology related to common sense?

(a) How do qualitative and quantitative methods supplement each other in sociological enquiry? (b) Critically examine the dialectics involved in each mode of production as propounded by Karl Marx. (c) Do you agree with Max Weber's idea that bureaucracy has the potential to become an iron cage? Justify your answer.

(a) Elucidate the main problems and challenges faced by the migrant labourers in the recent 'Lockdown period'. (b) Explain how political parties and pressure groups are dialectically related to each other in terms of achieving their goals. (c) Give your comments on the growth of religious revivalism in the present day context.

(a) Explain how the pattern of patriarchy is being altered in a family and at the workplace in the present context. (b) Critically examine the contribution of dependency theories in understanding the present global scenario. (c) Explain the growing salience of ethnicity in the contemporary world with illustrations.

(a) Discuss the changing nature of kinship relations in the contemporary world. (b) Describe the role of Science and Technology in enabling us to face the challenges triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. (c) Highlight the roles and functions of civil society in a democratic system.

(a) Caste system studies in India have been dominated by the "book-view" initially. How did the entry of "field-view" bring about a balance in the study of Indian caste system? Discuss. (b) What does Dr. B. R. Ambedkar mean by the concept of "Annihilation of caste"? (c) Discuss different forms of kinship system in India. (d) Critically examine briefly the phrase "Little Republics" as used to denote India's villages. (e) Caste-like formations are present in Non-Hindu religious communities as well. Discuss with examples.

(a) What is identity politics? Discuss the main trends in Dalit movements in India. (b) Is Indian society moving from "Hierarchy" towards "differentiation"? Illustrate your answer with suitable examples. (c) Discuss the salient features of 'new middle class' in India.

(a) Discuss in detail the major contribution of Prof. Yogendra Singh in theorizing India's modernization. (b) Examine the factors responsible for the rural unrest in contemporary India. (c) Discuss the changing dimensions of family structure in urban India.

(a) Analyze the idea of developmental planning in India. (b) Comment on the role of co-operatives in rural development. (c) Urban slums are sites of social exclusion - explain. (d) Does regionalism essentially lead to decentralization of power? Substantiate your answer with relevant examples. (e) Discuss the role of technology in agrarian change in India.

(a) The problem of displacement is inherent in the idea of development. Analyze the statement critically. (b) Rising 'ethnocentricism' is leading to conflict in our society. Assess this statement with appropriate reasons. (c) Is social democracy a precondition for political democracy? Comment.

(a) Critically examine the relevance of Durkheim's views on religion in contemporary society. (b) Discuss various theoretical perspectives on the family. (c) Explain the implications of feminization of work in the developing societies. (d) Write a note on global trends of secularization. (e) Trace the trajectory of development perspectives on social change.

(a) Sociologists argue for democratization of science and technology for inclusive development. Comment. (b) Are traditional social institutions getting weakened as agents of social change in the contemporary society? Substantiate. (c) How do you understand the relationship between patriarchy and social development?

(a) Elaborate on M.N. Srinivas's structural-functionalist approach to the study of Indian society. (b) Do you agree that the agrarian class structure in India is changing? Justify your answer with illustrations. (c) Elucidate the challenges of integration for tribal communities in India. (d) In the context of the changing Indian society, how do you view Andre Beteille's conceptions of harmonic and disharmonic social structures? (e) Explain Leela Dube's concept of "Seed and Earth".

(a) Examine the social background of growth of Indian nationalism. (b) Explain how land reforms brought about desired agrarian transformation. (c) Discuss the challenges during village studies in India.

(a) Discuss law as an important instrument for women's empowerment. (b) Examine different understandings of secularisation in India. (c) How do you view the growth of informal sector in India? (d) Discuss the role of pressure groups in strengthening democracy. (e) What role do co-operatives play in poverty alleviation in rural India?

(a) Examine whether rural bondage still continues to be a social reality. Give your argument. (b) Define ethnicity. Discuss the factors responsible for the growth of ethnic movements in India. (c) Discuss the changing nature of structure of political elites.

(a) "Instead of promoting equality in society, the present system of education itself has contributed to increased socio-economic disparities." Comment. (b) Discuss recent trends in the structure of migration. (c) Discuss different forms of deprivation associated with slums.

(a) Highlight the significant features of A.R. Desai's 'Dialectical Perspective' to study Indian Society. (b) The decade of 1950s was the golden period of village studies in Indian Sociology. Explain the statement. (c) Analyse the differences between the attributional and interactional approach in studying the caste system. (d) Are Tradition and Modernity antithetical to each other? Comment. (e) Discuss the main features of Land Reforms in post-independence India.

(a) Analyse the perspectives of Isolation, Assimilation and Integration in understanding the trajectories of Indian Tribal Development. (b) Explain the implications and the impact of globalization in situating the changing agrarian class structure in India. (c) Critique the victory narratives of Green Revolution in the context of Indian society.

(a) Citing some case studies, expand the concept of 'Development-induced Displacement'. (b) Examine the concept of 'Cultural Pluralism' in the context of India's Unity in Diversity. (c) Highlight the salient features of the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020. (d) Analyse the sociological interconnections between Social Media and Mass Mobilization in India. (e) Discuss the nature of regional variations in sex ratio in India, stating reasons thereof.

(a) How do you account for the increasing significance of religion in public and personal spheres in the context of secularization thesis in India? Explain. (b) In the face of rising global climatic concerns, how do you contextualize the relevance of Chipko Movement and its Gandhian tone? Answer analytically. (c) What actionable measures would you suggest to curb the recurrent child labour menace in India?

(a) Do you think that the decades of Dalit political mobilizations and movements have helped in strengthening India's democracy? Substantiate your arguments with facts. (b) What is 'reverse migration'? Discuss its features, causes and consequences in India. (c) Discuss the phenomenon of rural-urban continuum with suitable examples.

(a) Explain the thematic linkages between 'Patriarchy' and 'Honour killing' in India, citing some recent cases. (b) Discuss the challenges faced by the cooperative movements in India. Suggest measures to strengthen the movement at the grass-roots level. (c) What is 'Ageing'? Discuss the major problems of aged people in India.

(a) What, according to you, are the factors responsible for the continuance of caste system in India? Explain. (b) Discuss the changes taking place in the industrial class structure in India. (c) Is patriarchy a key to understanding different forms of inequalities in Indian society? Elaborate. (d) Do you think that family bondings are being affected by the changing kinship patterns in India? Comment. (e) Despite the efforts of the government, bonded labour still continues in India. Discuss.

(a) Why is the study of marriage important in Sociology? Analyse the implications of changing marriage patterns for Indian society. (b) Do you think that the constitutional provisions for women have led to their uplift? Give reasons for your answer. (c) Education is a key to social development. Elucidate.

(a) Examine with suitable examples the recent trends in the growth of urban settlements in India. (b) Is there a connection between labour migration and informal sector? Justify your answer with reference to Indian context. (c) Are slums the manifestations of industrialisation and urbanisation in India? Explain. (d) Discuss the changing nature of political elites in India. (e) What is your assessment about the recent farmers' movement in India? Elaborate.

(a) Discuss the major challenges related to women's reproductive health in India. What measures would you suggest to overcome these challenges? (b) What is sustainable development? How can sustainability be achieved in India where livelihood needs conflict with environmental protection? (c) Critically examine the relevance of development planning in India.

(a) Analyse the trilogy between environmental movement, development and tribal identity. (b) To what extent have the legal provisions been effective in curbing violence against women in India? Give your argument. (c) Trace the social and historical origins of Dalit movements in modern India.

(a) Highlight the major contributions of the reform movements in pre-independent India. (b) Identify different forms of inequalities associated with agrarian social structure in India. (c) What are pressure groups? Discuss their role in decision-making in democracy.

(a) What do you mean by nation building? What is the role of religion in nation building? Elaborate your answer. (b) Do you think that new economic reforms of British rule have disrupted the old economic system of India? Substantiate your answer with suitable examples. (c) Describe the main features of Indian new middle class. How is it different from the old middle class?

(a) Who is said to be the pioneer of village studies in India? Illustratively describe contributions of some Indian sociologists on village studies. How their approaches are distinct from each other? (b) Industrial class structure is a function of social structure of Indian society. Do you agree with this statement? Analyze. (c) What is kinship? Briefly explain G. P. Murdock's contribution to the study of the kinship system.

(a) The transfer of land from cultivating to the non-cultivating owners is bringing about transformation in Indian society. Justify your answer by giving suitable illustrations. (b) Bring out various factors responsible for declining of village Industries in India. (c) Discuss the social bases of political mobilization in Independent India. Has some change occurred in these during the last 60-70 years? (d) What are the major problems faced by the labour migrants while working in informal sectors of Indian States? Discuss. (e) Do you think that law has been able to abolish child labour in India? Comment.

(a) In what respects have the constitutional provisions changed the socio-economic and political conditions of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India? Critically examine. (b) Discuss the trend of urbanization in India. Do you think that Industrialization is the only precondition of urbanization? Give you arguments. (c) Which measures would you suggest for preventing caste conflicts in India? Justify your argument.

(a) What are the Private and Public network and support systems operative in Indian society for the aged? Suggest measures to curb down the challenges before care givers of the aged. (b) Educational development is the only Panacea for country's all ills and evils. Critically examine the above statement with reference to NEP-2020. (c) How Dalit movements in India have facilitated their Identity formation? Analyze.

(a) Is it possible to have sustainable development in India? Cite major environmental issues and suggest a few measures to achieve the sustainability. (b) Do you think that forced displacement of labourers has caused their deprivation and resultant inequalities during the recent past years? Elaborate. (c) What are the Indian government's schemes launched for poverty alleviation after the United Nation's Declaration of 'Sustainable Development Goals - 2015'? Briefly describe.

(a) Indological approach, advocated by G. S. Ghurye, focuses on the study of Indian society through Indian texts. How can Indological approach be useful in the study of other society? Comment in detail. (b) Examine how Indian Nationalism was a result of 'Akhand Bharat'/Indian Subcontinent's socio-cultural and political consciousness. (c) How does A. R. Desai argue that Indian social classes must be studied through the colonial mode of production? Elucidate.

(a) Examine the challenges of applying micro-level village studies to macro-level village structure of Indian society. (b) Explain the emergence of middle class in agrarian society in India. What have been the socio-structural implications of the emergence of this middle class? (c) When land reform was a paradigm shift, then what type of land reforms would you recommend to make India a more equitable society?

(a) How does the Constitution of India promote education? Do you think that education can be a major instrument of social change? Clarify. (b) Draw the current population pyramid of India. What policy measures would you recommend for population dynamics to achieve sustainability? (c) Compare G. S. Ghurye's and A. R. Desai's approaches used in understanding Indian society.

(a) Discuss the challenges faced by the aged people in receiving 'elder care'. (b) Examine the transiting social movements from physical movements to virtual movements in 21st century India. (c) Clarify how the family planning programmes have taken a political 'U'-turn in present India. (d) How do Louis Dumont and Andre Beteille differ in their approaches in understanding caste system in India? Explain. (e) Bring out the debates of 'insiders' and 'outsiders' approaches in understanding Indian society.

(a) Differentiate between protests and movements. Discuss some of those movements which changed the fabric of Indian agrarian society during the colonial period. (b) Synchronise the developmental programmes and social change in India, and describe them through visible and lived experiences. (c) Why was the category of 'criminal tribe' created by law during the colonial period in India? Discuss its implications.

(a) Urbanisation in Independent India has been characterized by over-urbanization and rural push. Explain with demographic and sociological dimensions. (b) Give a sociological explanation of violence against women in India. What suggestions would you give to mitigate these violences? (c) Examine the process of formalisation of informal sector to safeguard the interests of marginalised sections of the society.

(a) Discuss distinct sociological method adopted by Emile Durkheim in his study of 'suicide'. (b) Analyse Marxian conception of historical materialism as a critique of Hegelian dialectics. (c) Examine epistemological foundations of qualitative methods of social research.

(a) What is Weberian critique of Marxist notion of social stratification ? (b) Examine gender, ethnicity and race as major dimensions of social stratification. (c) How can one resolve the issue of reliability and validity in the context of sociological research on inequality ?

(a) What do you understand by 'informalisation of labour' ? Write your answer with special reference to India. (b) Discuss the changing interface between state and civil society in post-independent India. (c) Give an assessment of Durkheimian notion of 'sacred' and 'profane' in sociology of religion. (d) Examine 'patriarchal bargain' as gendered division of work in contemporary India. (e) Assess the role of mass media as an agent of social change.

(a) Trace the changing nature of organisation of work in capitalist society over the years. (b) What is new in 'new social movements' ? Elaborate your answer with special reference to India. (c) Examine the dynamics of pressure groups in multi-party political system.

(a) Examine the relationship between the contemporary trends in marriage and changing forms of family. (b) Discuss the regional variations of kinship system in Indian society. (c) Problematise the concept of secularism in the present context.